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The distinction between “observed” and “observing” systems that legitimizes the rise of second‐order cybernetics also raises a number of methodological and epistemological issues. These can be generically classified into two broad groups: first, adherence to the model approach and its overemphasis on cognition, at the expense of conation and other factors responsible for the initiation of action; second, an inadequate appraisal of the nature of language and its role within the sum total of human behavior. The overall result is the perennial confusion between the behavior of the expert and that of the subjects under investigation. Underlying both of these, in the final reckoning, is the hypostatical nature of the linguistic and logical constructs employed. The ambiguity surrounding “observing systems” begins to dissipate when we realize that second‐order cybernetics is not so much about an “observer” as about a “self‐observer”. The study of self‐referentiality is not only about language; it is about other forms of behavior as well.

Studies on psychiatric comorbidity in individuals with borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) are scarce, particularly with respect to certain diseases frequently observed in clinical practice. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relevance of epidemiological research to psychiatric comorbidity in people with BIF.

Systematic searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases. Inclusion criteria: publications about BIF appearing between 1995 and 2017; epidemiological findings about comorbid mental disorders in individuals with BIF; and studies comparing BIF, mild intellectual disability (ID) and normal intellectual functioning. The discussion covers 24 of the 224 studies initially considered.

The most frequent psychiatric comorbidity reported was personality, post-traumatic as well as psychotic disorders, followed by psychosis, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, bipolar and sleep disorders. Individuals with BIF exhibit psychiatric comorbidity more frequently than individuals with normal intellectual functioning. Some psychiatric comorbidities were similarly prevalent in patients with BIF and those with mild or moderate ID; however, the prevalence was always higher in people with severe ID. Environmental factors, especially psychosocial adversity, seem to play an important mediating role. Pharmacotherapy is the most common treatment approach, including behavioural disorders.

This review of literature on mental disorders in people with BIF demonstrates the epidemiological relevance of psychiatric comorbidity, especially personality and post-traumatic disorders. Mental health professionals, general practitioners and other workers in outpatient settings have to be aware about the vulnerability and even fragility of people with BIF.

On 1 April 1978, the Israeli peace movement burst into world consciousness when an estimated 25,000 Israelis demonstrated in Tel Aviv to urge the administration of Prime Minister Menachem Begin to continue peace negotiations with Egypt. A grassroots group called Peace Now is credited with organizing and leading that demonstration. Today, the “peace camp” refers to left‐wing political parties and organizations that hold dovish positions on the Arab‐Israeli conflict and the Palestinian issue. While some figures in the Labor Party view themselves as the peace movement's natural leader, political parties further to the left like the Citizens Rights Movement (CRM) and Mapam are more dovish. In the last 10 years, many grassroots peace organizations have, like Peace Now, formed outside the political party system, with the goal of influencing public opinion and eventually having an impact on policy makers. Peace Now is still the largest, most visible and influential of those organizations.

This chapter presents and analyses the application of the novel version of the Intertwining Model in two tourist destinations which are strongly and successfully related to Christmas events and products in Brazil and in Finland. This analysis serves as an attempt to monitor the process of tourism development taking into account the policies implemented through time and the inter-relations between them, from the destinations' vocation for Christmas tourism. This analysis identifies stages in the evolution of public policies and their relationship to the networks of different actors, at the phases of development. This chapter confirms that as the model indicates, stakeholders have multiple roles.

The inaugural meeting of the newly established National Party was held in the Queen's Hall, Langham Place, on Thursday, October 25th, under the presidency of Admiral Lord Beresford. There was a large and distinguished audience numbering about 3,000 persons, among those on the platform being Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, Brigadier‐General Page Croft, M.P., Mr. Havelock Wilson, Miss Constance Williams, the Hon. G. J. Jenkins (all of whom addressed the meeting), Earl Bathurst, Sir C. Allom, Major Alan Burgoyne, M.P., Colonel Cassal, Mr. G. K. Chesterton, Sir R. Cooper, M.P., Capt. Viscount Duncannon, M.P., Sir W. Earnshaw Cooper, Mr. H. A. Gwynne, Mr. Rowland Hunt, M.P., Lieut.‐Col. Lord Leconfield, Lord Leith of Fyvie, Admiral Sir H. Markham, The Earl of Northesk, Colonel R. H. Rawson, M.P., Lord Edward St. Maur, Admiral Sir Edward Seymour, Lord Stafford and others.

En 1977, les autorités municipales de Montréal ont décrété que 10% du territoire serait dorénavant zoné espaces verts. La plupart des quartiers avaient suffisamment de terrains disponibles pour respecter cette norme. A la même époque, l′administration municipale a mis en place un programme municipal de jardins communautaires.

Les jardins communautaires offrent l′opportunité aux citadins de cultiver leurs légumes et de fraterniser. À Montréal, 1.5% de la population adulte jardine dans un jardin communautaire municipal. Les jardins sont dispersés sur tout le territoire et sont facilement accessibles, soit 8200 jardinets dans 97 jardins communautaires. Dans les arrondissements les plus peuplés, il faut attendre de 1 à 3 ans sur la liste d′attente avant d′accéder à un jardinet. Le programme comporte un minimum de réglementation afin de simplifier l′activité.

En terme de coût, la contribution moyenne d′un jardinier revient à 10$/jardinet pour un lopin de terre mesurant 3m x 6m. Avant la réorganisation municipale de 2002, suite à laquelle chaque arrondissement gérait ses propres jardins communautaires (Ville de Montréal), l′investissement de la municipalité, il est d′environ 0,2% du budget du Service des sports, des loisirs et du développement social.

Le jardinage communautaire permet l′auto-production d′aliments de qualité sur des terrains gérés par la municipalité. Cette activité populaire favorise l′estime de soi et l′acquisition de nouvelles connaissances pratiques et techniques. A Montréal, les saisons de cultures sont réduites dû aux longs hivers et ne permettent qu′une récolte; ainsi, pendant les mois de récolte, cette initiative municipale allège la problématique de la sécurité alimentaire. Le programme des jardins communautaires de Montréal est considéré comme le programme de jardinage collectif le plus accessible et le mieux organisé en Amérique (Reid, 2006).

THE best description of this Indicator is published on a large folio four‐page statement written by Mr. John Maclauchlan, Chief Librarian of the Dundee Free Library, and issued on September 22nd, 1879. This sheet is headed, “ Description and Method of using Kennedy's Indicator, invented for the Dundee Free Library in January, 1875, and constantly used therein since July of that year” and contains illustrations of the counter and details of the construction of the Indicator. The following description is abstracted from it:—“This contrivance consists of a series of upright glazed frames so placed as to be easily inspected by the public at the front, or glazed side, and by the library attendants at the back. … Each frame is divided into twenty vertical columns by slips of mahogany, and each of these slips is again sub‐divided into 100 sloping slits by pieces of stiff millboard [now zinc], tightly held in saw cuts made in the sides of the mahogany slips … As the lower edge of each piece of millboard is a little above that of the next one below it, sufficient space is visible of their lower ends in front, and of their upper ends at the back of the Indicator, to receive the catalogue number of each book in the library, printed in bold figures and pasted at the end of the millboard [zinc] strips with strong paste.” Each borrower is provided with a ticket measuring 5⅜ inches by 1 inch, ruled as follows :—

If innovation is to flourish in public relations, then creativity must be encouraged and nurtured because it is out of the process of creativity that innovation springs. In order to understand creativity in public relations consultancies, this paper examines its nature and the dynamics through which it is fostered or hampered. It attempts to answer two main questions: what is the nature of creativity, and how is it accommodated in public relations consultancies? Primary research consists of interviews and a focus group with public relations practitioners in small, medium and large global consultancies in London and the regions. Findings suggest that creativity is characterised by three dimensions: unconventionality, autonomy and risk. The manner in which consultancies organise and manage these determines the extent to which creativity is stimulated or stifled. The styles of management and the forms of organisation which accommodate creativity are primarily influenced by size, client expectations, and the individualistic nature of public relations practitioners. In studying work dynamics and the experiences of members of public relations consultancies, the paper makes a contribution to a field of research that is underdeveloped in both public relations and management literature.